Perspectiva bioética para México, España y Estados Unidos en los modelos in vivo de inducción de daño al ADN

En la actualidad, la investigación biomédica se ha centrado en el estudio de enfermedades como el cáncer, que causan un elevado índice de mortalidad. Existen diferentes modelos animales, empleados para generar diversos tipos de carcinogénesis; el daño directo al ADN es uno de los mecanismos más utilizados. Sin embargo, en la normatividad nacional e internacional vigente, no se señalan los aspectos bioéticos que se deben seguir para desarrollar un modelo experimental de daño al ADN. Además, no se realiza una correcta semejanza de la enfermedad. Debido a lo anterior, esta revisión analiza los avances en cuanto a normatividad que se han generado en diferentes países, comparando los estudios encontrados en Estados Unidos, México y España. La perspectiva a futuro es poder contar con guías de experimentación actualizadas, que permitan pautar las normas necesarias para el adecuado desarrollo de los modelos de investigación animal de daño al ADN y que cumplan con la regla de las 3R en la experimentación animal. Esta iniciativa se debe de realizar en conjunto entre la Organización Mundial de la Salud y los organismos especializados en manejo y cuidado de animales de laboratorio en los ámbitos nacional e internacional.

Currently, biomedical research has focused on the study of diseases such as cancer that causes a high mortality rate. Different animal models are used to generate different types of carcinogenesis; direct DNA damage is one of the most used mechanisms. However, current national and international regulations do not indicate the bioethical aspects that must be followed to develop an experimental model of DNA damage. In addition, they do not perform a correct resemblance of the disease. Due to the above, this review analyzes the advances in regulations generated in different countries, comparing the studies found in the United States, Mexico, and Spain. The future perspective is to be able to count on updated experimentation guidelines, which allow the establishment of the necessary norms for the adequate development of animal research models of DNA damage that comply with the 3R rule in animal experimentation. This initiative should be carried out jointly by the World Health Organization and organizations specialized in managing and caring laboratory animals at the national and international levels.

Na atualidade, a pesquisa biomédica vem se focando no estudo de doenças que causam um elevado índice de mortalidade, como o câncer. Existem diferentes modelos animais utilizados para gerar diversos tipos de carcinogêneses; o dano direto ao DNA é um dos mecanismos mais utilizados. Contudo, na legislação nacional e internacional vigente, não são sinalizados os aspectos bioéticos que devem ser seguidos para desenvolver um modelo experimental de dano ao DNA, além de não ser realizada uma correta semelhança da doença. Devido a isso, esta revisão analisa o avanço quanto à legislação que vem sendo gerada em diferentes países, comparando os estudos encontrados nos Estados Unidos, no México e na Espanha. A perspectiva para o futuro é poder contar com atualizadas, que permitam estabelecer as normas necessárias para desenvolver os modelos de pesquisa animal de dano ao DNA e que cumpram com a regra das 3R na experimentação animal. Essa iniciativa se deve realizar em conjunto entre a Organização Mundial da Saúde e as organizações especializadas na gestão e cuidado de animais de laboratório nos contextos nacional e internacional.

Research Advance in the Drug Absorption Model of Vaginal Administration / 中国药师

Vaginal delivery system has a unique therapeutic advantage. In recent years, the rapid development of dosage forms shows a good prospect of development. The related literatures at home and abroad in recent years were analyzed and summarized. The research progress in the drug absorption model of various vaginal administrations was reviewed. The review provided reference for the research of new drug preparations and drug absorption mechanisms of vaginal administration.

Potential of immunosuppressive agents in cerebral ischaemia.

Ischaemic stroke is a disorder involving multiple mechanisms of injury progression including activation of glutamate receptors, release of proinflammatory cytokines, nitric oxide (NO), free oxygen radicals and proteases. Presently, recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) is the only drug approved for the management of acute ischaemic stroke. This drug, however, is associated with limitations like narrow therapeutic window and increased risk of intracranial haemorrhage. A large number of therapeutic agents have been tested including N-methly-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, calcium channel blockers and antioxidants for management of stroke, but none has provided significant neuroprotection in clinical trials. Therefore, searching for other potentially effective drugs for ischaemic stroke management becomes important. Immunosuppressive agents with their wide array of mechanisms have potential as neuroprotectants. Corticosteroids, immunophilin ligands, mycophenolate mofetil and minocycline have shown protective effect on neurons by their direct actions or attenuating toxic effects of mediators of inflammation. This review focuses on the current status of corticosteroids, cyclosporine A, FK506, rapamycin, mycophenolate mofetil and minocycline in the experimental models of cerebral ischaemia.

Development and application of models for screening torsade de pointes induced by drugs / 中国药理学通报

In recent years,a large number of drugs have been withdrawn from the market because of torsade de pointes(TdP) and sudden cardiac death,which pose great risks in drug application.Therefore,the different models have been developed to detect TdP liability during the early stage of drug development.In this paper,the principles and characteristics of these screening models are reviewed to give props for preclinical safety assessment.